The Temporal Effects of Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Function: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
The Temporal Effects of Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Function: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
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Background: Accumulating research demonstrates that the timing of exercise plays an important role in influencing episodic memory.However, we have a limited understanding as to the factors that moderate this temporal effect.Thus, the purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of study characteristics (e.
g., exercise modality, intensity and duration of acute exercise) and participant attributes (e.g.
, age, sex) across each of the temporal periods of acute exercise on episodic memory (i.e., acute exercise occurring before memory encoding, and during memory encoding, early consolidation, and late consolidation).
Methods: The following databases were used for our computerized searches: Embase/PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Sports Discus and PsychInfo.Studies were included if they: (1) Employed an experimental design with a comparison to a control group/visit, (2) included human participants, (3) evaluated exercise as the independent variable, (4) employed an acute bout of exercise (defined as a single bout of exercise), (5) evaluated ranchy doodle episodic memory as the outcome variable (defined as the retrospective recall of information either in a spatial or temporal manner), and (6) provided sufficient data (e.g.
, mean, SD, and sample size) for a pooled effect size estimate.Results: In total, 25 articles met our inclusionary criteria and were meta-analyzed.Acute exercise occurring before memory encoding (d = 0.
11, 95% CI: −0.01, 0.23, p = 0.
08), during early memory consolidation (d = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.
67; p < 0.001) and during late memory consolidation (d = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.
32, 1.78; p = 0.005) enhanced episodic memory function.
Conversely, acute exercise occurring during memory encoding had a negative effect kuiper belt whiskey on episodic memory (d = −0.12, 95% CI: −0.22, −0.
02; p = 0.02).Various study designs and participant characteristics moderated the temporal effects of acute exercise on episodic memory function.
For example, vigorous-intensity acute exercise, and acute exercise among young adults, had greater effects when the acute bout of exercise occurred before memory encoding or during the early memory consolidation period.Conclusions: The timing of acute exercise plays an important role in the exercise-memory interaction.Various exercise- and participant-related characteristics moderate this temporal relationship.